Modern_cultivation Banana

1 modern cultivation

1.1 cavendish
1.2 ripening
1.3 storage , transport
1.4 production , export

modern cultivation

all cultivated bananas today descend 2 wild bananas musa acuminata , musa balbisiana. while original wild bananas contained large seeds, diploid or polyploid cultivars (some being hybrids) tiny seeds preferred human raw fruit consumption. these propagated asexually offshoots. plant allowed produce 2 shoots @ time; larger 1 immediate fruiting , smaller sucker or follower produce fruit in 6–8 months. life of banana plantation 25 years or longer, during time individual stools or planting sites may move original positions lateral rhizome formation dictates.

cultivated bananas parthenocarpic, i.e. flesh of fruit swells , ripens without seeds being fertilized , developing. lacking viable seeds, propagation typically involves farmers removing , transplanting part of underground stem (called corm). done removing sucker (a vertical shoot develops base of banana pseudostem) roots intact. however, small sympodial corms, representing not yet elongated suckers, easier transplant , can left out of ground 2 weeks; require minimal care , can shipped in bulk.

it not necessary include corm or root structure propagate bananas; severed suckers without root material can propagated in damp sand, although takes longer.

in countries, commercial propagation occurs means of tissue culture. method preferred since ensures disease-free planting material. when using vegetative parts such suckers propagation, there risk of transmitting diseases (especially devastating panama disease).

as non-seasonal crop, bananas available fresh year-round.

cavendish


cavendish bananas main commercial banana cultivars sold in world market.

in global commerce in 2009, far important cultivars belonged triploid aaa group of musa acuminata, commonly referred cavendish group bananas. accounted majority of banana exports, despite coming existence in 1836. cultivars dwarf cavendish , grand nain (chiquita banana) gained popularity in 1950s after previous mass-produced cultivar, gros michel (also aaa group cultivar), became commercially unviable due panama disease, caused fungus fusarium oxysporum attacks roots of banana plant. cavendish cultivars resistant panama disease in 2013 there fears black sigatoka fungus in turn make cavendish bananas unviable.

ease of transport , shelf life rather superior taste make dwarf cavendish main export banana.

even though no longer viable large scale cultivation, gros michel not extinct , still grown in areas panama disease not found. likewise, dwarf cavendish , grand nain in no danger of extinction, may leave supermarket shelves if disease makes impossible supply global market. unclear if existing cultivar can replace cavendish bananas, various hybridisation , genetic engineering programs attempting create disease-resistant, mass-market banana.

ripening

export bananas picked green, , ripen in special rooms upon arrival in destination country. these rooms air-tight , filled ethylene gas induce ripening. vivid yellow color consumers associate supermarket bananas is, in fact, caused artificial ripening process. flavor , texture affected ripening temperature. bananas refrigerated between 13.5 , 15 °c (56.3 , 59.0 °f) during transport. @ lower temperatures, ripening permanently stalls, , bananas turn gray cell walls break down. skin of ripe bananas blackens in 4 °c (39 °f) environment of domestic refrigerator, although fruit inside remains unaffected.

ripened bananas (left, under sunlight) fluoresce in blue when exposed uv light.

tree-ripened cavendish bananas have greenish-yellow appearance changes brownish-yellow ripen further. although both flavor , texture of tree-ripened bananas regarded superior type of green-picked fruit, reduces shelf life 7–10 days.

bananas can ordered retailer ungassed (i.e. not treated ethylene), , may show @ supermarket green. guineos verdes (green bananas) have not been gassed never ripen before becoming rotten. instead of fresh eating, these bananas can used cooking, seen in jamaican cuisine.

a 2008 study reported ripe bananas fluoresce when exposed ultraviolet light. property attributed degradation of chlorophyll leading accumulation of fluorescent product in skin of fruit. chlorophyll breakdown product stabilized propionate ester group. banana-plant leaves fluoresce in same way. green bananas not fluoresce. study suggested allows animals can see light in ultraviolet spectrum (tetrachromats , pentachromats) more detect ripened bananas.

storage , transport

bananas must transported on long distances tropics world markets. obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before fruit mature. fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport ports, cooling, , refrigerated shipping. goal prevent bananas producing natural ripening agent, ethylene. technology allows storage , transport 3–4 weeks @ 13 °c (55 °f). on arrival, bananas held @ 17 °c (63 °f) , treated low concentration of ethylene. after few days, fruit begins ripen , distributed final sale. unripe bananas can not held in home refrigerators because suffer cold. ripe bananas can held few days @ home. if bananas green, can put in brown paper bag apple or tomato overnight speed ripening process.

carbon dioxide (which bananas produce) , ethylene absorbents extend fruit life @ high temperatures. effect can exploited packing banana in polyethylene bag , including ethylene absorbent, e.g., potassium permanganate, on inert carrier. bag sealed band or string. treatment has been shown more double lifespans 3–4 weeks without need refrigeration.

production , export


indian bananas, various varieties sold in rural shop in south india

statistics on production , export of bananas , plantains available food , agriculture organization. countries produce statistics distinguish between bananas , plantains, 2 of top 3 producers (india , china) not, comparisons can made using total bananas , plantains combined. 2012 statistics (see table 1) show india led world in banana production, producing around 18% of worldwide crop of 139 million metric tonnes. philippines next largest producer around 7% of worldwide crop. national data distinguish between bananas , plantains, , shows latter made on 95% of production. ten countries produced around 2 thirds of total world production.

the statistics export of bananas , plantains show rather different picture (see table 2). total world exports @ around 18 million metric tonnes amounted 12% of total world production; 2 thirds of exports generated 5 countries. top 3 producing countries not appear in table, , 2 countries, costa rica , guatemala, not appear in table of top producers. philippines has consistent position in both tables. exports dominated ecuador, 29% of world total. statistics ecuador distinguish between bananas , plantains; 93% of exports classified bananas.

bananas , plantains constitute major staple food crop millions of people in developing countries. in tropical countries, green (unripe) bananas used cooking represent main cultivars. bananas cooked in ways similar potatoes. both can fried, boiled, baked, or chipped , have similar taste , texture when served. 1 banana provides same calories 1 potato.

most producers small-scale farmers either home consumption or local markets. because bananas , plantains produce fruit year-round, provide extremely valuable food source during hunger season (when food 1 annual/semi-annual harvest has been consumed, , next still come). bananas , plantains therefore critical global food security.

bananas have been important source of disagreement in doha round of trade talks. study ictsd showed new deal on eu banana import tariffs boon latin american exporters trigger drop in exports of fruit african, caribbean , pacific (acp) countries.

bananas among consumed foods in world. chiquita, del monte, dole, , fyffes grow own bananas in ecuador, colombia, costa rica, guatemala, , honduras. banana plantations capital intensive , demand significant expertise. majority of independent growers large , wealthy landowners in these countries. producers have attempted raise prices via marketing them fair trade or rainforest alliance-certified in countries.

the banana has extensive trade history starting firms such irish fyffes , united fruit company (now chiquita) @ end of 19th century. of 20th century, bananas , coffee dominated export economies of central america. in 1930s, bananas , coffee made as 75% of region s exports. late 1960, 2 crops accounted 67% of exports region. though 2 grown in similar regions, tended not distributed together. united fruit company based business entirely on banana trade, because coffee trade proved difficult control. term banana republic has been applied countries in central america, strict economic perspective costa rica, honduras, , panama had economies dominated banana trade.

the european union has traditionally imported many of bananas former european caribbean colonies, paying guaranteed prices above global market rates (see lomé convention). these arrangements have been largely withdrawn under pressure other major trading powers, principally united states. withdrawal of these indirect subsidies caribbean producers expected favour more efficient banana producers of central america, in american companies have economic interest. in addition, small-scale caribbean producers finding difficult comply increasingly strict certification requirements. support being provided caribbean countries under eu s banana accompanying measures (bam).

the united states produces few bananas. mere 14,000 tonnes (14,000 long tons; 15,000 short tons) grown in hawaii in 2001. bananas once grown in florida , southern california. in 2012, united states imported 27 percent of bananas traded internationally, total of approximately 4,350,000 tonnes (4,280,000 long tons; 4,800,000 short tons) of bananas import cost of $4.3 billion (equivalent $4.5 billion in 2016).

in march 2014 announced fyffes , chiquita merge create world s largest banana company, worth $1bn (£597m). new firm, named chiquitafyffes, expected sell 160 million boxes of bananas annually.

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