1 stone age
1.1 palaeolithic
1.2 mesolithic
1.3 neolithic
1.4 chalcolithic
stone age
palaeolithic
map of human migrations, according mitochondrial population genetics. numbers millennia before present (accuracy disputed).
palaeolithic means old stone age , , begins first use of stone tools. paleolithic earliest period of stone age.
the part of palaeolithic called lower palaeolithic, predates homo sapiens, beginning homo habilis (and related species) , earliest stone tools, dated around 2.5 million years ago. evidence of control of fire humans during lower palaeolithic era uncertain , has @ best limited scholarly support. accepted claim h. erectus or h. ergaster made fires between 790,000 , 690,000 bp (before present period) in site @ bnot ya akov bridge, israel. use of fire enabled humans cook food, provide warmth, , have light source @ night.
early homo sapiens originated 200,000 years ago, ushering in middle palaeolithic. anatomic changes indicating modern language capacity arise during middle palaeolithic. during middle palaeolithic era, there first definitive evidence of human use of fire. sites in zambia have charred bone , wood have been dated 61,000 b.p. systematic burial of dead, music, art, , use of increasingly sophisticated multi-part tools highlights of middle paleolithic.
throughout palaeolithic, humans lived nomadic hunter-gatherers. hunter-gatherer societies tended small , egalitarian, though hunter-gatherer societies abundant resources or advanced food-storage techniques developed sedentary lifestyles complex social structures such chiefdoms, , social stratification. long-distance contacts may have been established, in case of indigenous australian highways known songlines.
mesolithic
dugout canoe
the mesolithic , or middle stone age (from greek mesos , middle , , lithos , stone ) period in development of human technology between palaeolithic , neolithic periods of stone age.
the mesolithic period began @ end of pleistocene epoch, 10,000 bp, , ended introduction of agriculture, date of varied geographic region. in areas, such near east, agriculture underway end of pleistocene, , there mesolithic short , poorly defined. in areas limited glacial impact, term epipalaeolithic preferred.
regions experienced greater environmental effects last ice age ended have more evident mesolithic era, lasting millennia. in northern europe, societies able live on rich food supplies marshlands fostered warmer climate. such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours preserved in material record, such maglemosian , azilian cultures. these conditions delayed coming of neolithic until late 4000 bc (6,000 bp) in northern europe.
remains period few , far between, limited middens. in forested areas, first signs of deforestation have been found, although begin in earnest during neolithic, when more space needed agriculture.
the mesolithic characterized in areas small composite flint tools — microliths , microburins. fishing tackle, stone adzes , wooden objects, e.g. canoes , bows, have been found @ sites. these technologies first occur in africa, associated azilian cultures, before spreading europe through ibero-maurusian culture of northern africa , kebaran culture of levant. independent discovery not ruled out.
neolithic
entrance Ġgantija phase temple complex of hagar qim, malta, 3900 bc.
an array of neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, , polishing tools. neolithic stone artifacts definition polished and, except specialty items, not chipped.
neolithic means new stone age. although there several species of human beings during paleolithic, neolithic homo sapiens sapiens remained. (homo floresiensis may have survived right dawn of neolithic, 12,200 years ago.) period of primitive technological , social development. began 10,200 bc in parts of middle east, , later in other parts of world , ended between 4,500 , 2,000 bc. neolithic progression of behavioral , cultural characteristics , changes, including use of wild , domestic crops , of domesticated animals.
early neolithic farming limited narrow range of plants, both wild , domesticated, included einkorn wheat, millet , spelt, , keeping of dogs, sheep , goats. 6,900–6,400 bc, included domesticated cattle , pigs, establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, , use of pottery. neolithic period saw development of villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools , onset of earliest recorded incidents of warfare. neolithic era commenced beginning of farming, produced neolithic revolution . ended when metal tools became widespread (in copper age or bronze age; or, in geographical regions, in iron age).the term neolithic commonly used in old world, application cultures in americas , oceania did not develop metal-working technology raises problems.
the monumental building @ luni sul mignone in blera, italy, 3500 bc.
settlements became more permanent having circular houses single rooms made of mudbrick. settlements might have surrounding stone wall keep domesticated animals in , protect inhabitants other tribes. later settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses family lived in single or multiple rooms. burial findings suggest ancestor cult people preserved skulls of dead. vinča culture may have created earliest system of writing. megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija notable gigantic structures. although late eurasian neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or states, states evolved in eurasia rise of metallurgy, , neolithic societies on whole relatively simple , egalitarian. clothing appears have been made of animal skins, indicated finds of large numbers of bone , antler pins ideal fastening leather. wool cloth , linen might have become available during later neolithic, suggested finds of perforated stones (depending on size) may have served spindle whorls or loom weights.
chalcolithic
artist s impression of copper age walled city, los millares, iberia
in old world archaeology, chalcolithic , eneolithic or copper age refers transitional period copper metallurgy appeared alongside widespread use of stone tools. during period, weapons , tools made of copper. period still largely neolithic in character. phase of bronze age before discovered adding tin copper formed harder bronze. copper age defined transition between neolithic , bronze age. however, because characterized use of metals, copper age considered part of bronze age rather stone age.
chalcolithic copper mine in timna valley, negev desert, israel
an archaeological site in serbia contains oldest securely dated evidence of copper making @ high temperature, 7,500 years ago. find in june 2010 extends known record of copper smelting 800 years, , suggests copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of asia , europe @ time rather spreading single source. emergence of metallurgy may have occurred first in fertile crescent, gave rise bronze age in 4th millennium bc (the traditional view), though finds vinča culture in europe have been securely dated earlier of fertile crescent. timna valley contains evidence of copper mining 9,000 7,000 years ago. process of transition neolithic chalcolithic in middle east characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages decline in high quality raw material procurement , use. north africa , nile valley imported iron technology near east , followed near eastern course of bronze age , iron age development. iron age , bronze age occurred simultaneously in of africa.
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