all dates approximate , conjectural, obtained through research in fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, or linguistics. subject revision due new discoveries or improved calculations. bp stands before present (1950). bce stands before common era .
lower paleolithic
c. 2.8 million bp – genus homo appears
c. 2.5 million bp – evidence of human tools
c. 600,000 bp – hunting-gathering
c. 400,000 bp – control of fire humans
middle paleolithic
c. 300,000–30,000 bp – mousterian (neanderthal) culture in europe.
c. 200,000 bp – anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) appear in africa, 1 of characteristics lack of significant body hair compared other primates. see e.g. omo remains.
c. 170,000?–83,000 bp – invention of clothing
c. 75,000 bp – toba volcano supereruption.
c. 80,000–50,000 bp – homo sapiens exit africa single population. in next millennia, descendants population migrate southern india, malay islands, australia, japan, china, siberia, alaska, , northwestern coast of north america.
c. 80,000-50,000? bp – behavioral modernity, point including language , sophisticated cognition
upper paleolithic
c. 45,000 bp / 43,000 bce – beginnings of châtelperronian culture in france.
c. 40,000 bp / 38,000 bce – first human settlement in southern half of australian mainland, indigenous australians (including future sites of sydney, perth, , melbourne.)
c. 32,000 bp / 30,000 bce – beginnings of aurignacian culture, exemplified cave paintings ( parietal art ) of chauvet cave in france.
c. 30,500 bp / 28,500 bce – new guinea populated colonists asia or australia.
c. 30,000 bp / 28,000 bce – herd of reindeer slaughtered , butchered humans in vezere valley in today france.
c. 28,000–20,000 bp – gravettian period in europe. harpoons, needles, , saws invented.
c. 26,500 bp – last glacial maximum (lgm). subsequently, ice melts , glaciers retreat again (late glacial maximum). during latter period human beings return western europe (see magdalenian culture) , enter north america eastern siberia first time (see paleo-indians, pre-clovis culture , settlement of americas).
c. 26,000 bp / 24,000 bce – people around world use fibers make baby-carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, , nets.
c. 25,000 bp / 23,000 bce – settlement consisting of huts built of rocks , mammoth bones founded near dolní věstonice in moravia in czech republic. oldest human permanent settlement has been found archaeologists.
c. 23,000 bp / 21,000 bce – small-scale trial cultivation of plants in ohalo ii, hunter-gatherers sedentary camp on shore of sea of galilee, israel.
c. 16,000 bp / 14,000 bce – wisent sculpted in clay deep inside cave known le tuc d audoubert in french pyrenees near border of spain.
c. 14,800 bp / 12,800 bce – humid period begins in north africa. region later become sahara wet , fertile, , aquifers full.
mesolithic/epipaleolithic
c. 12,500 9,500 bce – natufian culture: culture of sedentary hunter-gatherers may have cultivated rye in levant (eastern mediterranean)
neolithic
c. 9,400–9,200 bce – figs of parthenocarpic (and therefore sterile) type cultivated in neolithic village gilgal (in jordan valley, 13 km north of jericho). find predates domestication of wheat, barley, , legumes, , may first known instance of agriculture.
c. 9,000 bce – circles of t-shaped stone pillars erected @ göbekli tepe in southeastern anatolia region of turkey during pre-pottery neolithic (ppna) period. yet unexcavated structures @ site thought date epipaleolithic.
c. 8,000 bc / 7000 bce – in northern mesopotamia, northern iraq, cultivation of barley , wheat begins. @ first used beer, gruel, , soup, bread. in agriculture @ time planting stick used, replaced primitive plow in subsequent centuries. around time, round stone tower, preserved @ 8.5 meters high , 8.5 meters in diameter built in jericho.
chalcolithic
c. 3,700 bce – cuneiform writing appears in sumer, , records begin kept. according majority of specialists, first mesopotamian writing tool had little connection spoken language.
c. 3,300 bce – approximate date of death of Ötzi iceman , found preserved in ice in Ötztal alps in 1991. copper-bladed axe, characteristic technology of era, found corpse.
c. 3,000 bce – stonehenge construction begins. in first version, consisted of circular ditch , bank, 56 wooden posts.
^ shea, j. j. 2003. neanderthals, competition , origin of modern human behaviour in levant. evolutionary anthropology 12: 173–187.
^ origin of clothing lice indicates clothing use anatomically modern humans in africa . molecular biology , evolution. september 2010.
^ mount toba eruption – ancient humans unscathed, study claims . retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ zimmer, carl (september 21, 2016). how got here: dna points single migration africa . new york times. retrieved september 22, 2016.
^ indicated m130 marker in y chromosome. traces of distant past , gary stix, scientific american, july 2008, pages 56–63.
^ macey, richard (2007). settlers history rewritten: go 30,000 years . sydney morning herald. retrieved 5 july 2014.
^ aboriginal people , place . sydney barani. 2013. retrieved 5 july 2014.
^ sandra bowdler. pleistocene pacific . published in human settlement , in d. denoon (ed) cambridge history of pacific islanders. pp. 41–50. cambridge university press, cambridge. university of western australia. archived original on 16 february 2008. retrieved 26 february 2008.
^ gary presland, first residents of melbourne s western region, (revised edition), harriland press, 1997. isbn 0-646-33150-7. presland says on page 1: there evidence show people living in maribyrnong river valley, near present day keilor, 40,000 years ago.
^ james trager, people s chronology, 1994, isbn 0-8050-3134-0
^ gene s. stuart, ice age hunters: artists in hidden cages. in mysteries of ancient world, publication of national geographic society, 1979. pages 11–18.
^ stuart, gene s. (1979). ice age hunters: artists in hidden cages . mysteries of ancient world. national geographic society. p. 19.
^ origin of cultivation , proto-weeds, long before neolithic farming ainit snir et al., plos july 22, 2015 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131422
^ stuart, gene s. (1979). ice age hunters: artists in hidden cages . mysteries of ancient world. national geographic society. pp. 8–10.
^ shift savannah sahara gradual , kenneth chang, new york times, may 9, 2008.
^ kislev et al. (2006a, b), lev-yadun et al. (2006)
^ kiple, kenneth f. , ornelas, kriemhild coneè, eds., cambridge world history of food, cambridge university press, 2000, p. 83
^ no-till: quiet revolution , david huggins , john reganold, scientific american, july 2008, pages 70–77.
^ fagan, brian m, ed. oxford companion archaeology, oxford university press, oxford 1996 isbn 978-0-521-40216-3 p 363
^ glassner, jean-jacques. invention of cuneiform: writing in sumer. trans.zainab, bahrani. baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 2003. ebook.
^ caroline alexander, stonehenge , national geographic, june 2008.
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