surface waves in water
unless volume of liquid matches volume of container, 1 or more surfaces observed. surface of liquid behaves elastic membrane in surface tension appears, allowing formation of drops , bubbles. surface waves, capillary action, wetting, , ripples other consequences of surface tension. in confined liquid, defined geometric constraints on nanoscopic scale, molecules sense surface effects, can result in physical properties grossly deviating of bulk liquid.
free surface
a free surface surface of fluid subject both 0 perpendicular normal stress , parallel shear stress, such boundary between, e.g., liquid water , air in earth s atmosphere.
level
the liquid level (as in, e.g., water level) height associated liquid free surface, when s top-most surface. may measured level sensor.
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