1 affairs in eastern europe
1.1 polish relations
1.2 bohemian relations
1.3 hungarian relations
1.4 congress of gniezno
affairs in eastern europe
polish relations
around 960, polish piast dynasty under mieszko had extended duchy of poland beyond oder river in effort conquer polabian slavs, lived along elbe river. brought polans germany s sphere of influence , conflict otto s kingdom of germany, desired conquer polabian slavs. otto sent trusted lieutenant, saxon margrave gero, address polan threat, while otto traveled italy crowned emperor. gero defeated mieszko in 963 , forced him recognize otto overlord. in return submitting tribute newly crowned emperor, otto granted mieszko title of amicus imperatoris ( friend of emperor ) , acknowledged position dux poloniae ( duke of poland ).
mieszko remained powerful ally of otto remainder of life. strengthened alliance empire marrying oda, daughter of saxon margrave dietrich of haldensleben, in 978 , marrying son bolesław daughter of margrave rikdag of meissen. mieszko i, pagan, marry christian daughter of boleslaus i, dobrawa, in 965 , convert christianity in 966, bringing poland closer christian states of bohemia , empire. following death of otto in 973, mieszko sided henry ii, duke of bavaria, against otto ii during henry s failed revolt in 977. after revolt put down, mieszko swore loyalty otto ii. when otto ii died in 983 , succeeded three-year old otto iii, mieszko again supported henry ii in bid german throne. when henry s revolt failed, mieszko swore loyalty otto iii.
mieszko s son bolesław succeeded him duke in 992, , poland continued alliance empire. polish forces joined empire s campaigns put down great slav rising, led polabian lutici tribes during 980s , 990s.
bohemian relations
germany , duchy of bohemia came significant contact 1 in 929, when german king henry had invaded duchy force duke wenceslaus pay regular tribute germany. when wenceslaus assassinated in 935, brother boleslaus succeeded him duke , refused continue paying annual tribute germany. action caused henry s son , successor otto launch invasion of bohemia. following initial invasion, conflict deteriorated series of border raids lasted until 950 when otto , boleslaus signed peace treaty. boleslaus agreed resume paying tribute , recognize otto overlord. duchy incorporated holy roman empire constituent state.
bohemia major factor in many battles along empire s eastern border. boleslaus helped otto crush uprising of slavs along lower elbe in 953, , joined forces again defeat hungarians @ battle of lechfeld in 955. in 973 otto established bishopric of prague, subordinated archbishopric of mainz, in order christianize czech territory. strengthen bohemian-polish alliance, boleslaus s daughter dobrawa married pagan mieszko of poland in 965. marriage helped bring christianity poland. died in 972 , succeeded duke oldest son boleslaus ii.
after siding henry ii against otto ii during henry s failed revolt in 977, boleslaus ii swore loyalty otto ii. when otto ii died in 983 , succeeded three-year old otto iii, boleslaus ii again supported henry ii in bid german throne. in 977, henry s bid failed, , boleslaus ii swore loyalty otto iii.
hungarian relations
otto s defeat of hungarians @ lechfeld in 955 ended decades-long hungarian invasions of europe. hungarian grand price fajsz deposed following defeat , succeeded taksony, adopted policy of isolation west. succeeded son géza in 972, sent envoys otto in 973. same year, géza baptised in 972, , christianity spread among hungarians during reign.
géza expanded rule on territories west of danube , garam, significant parts of carpathian basin still remained under rule of local tribal leaders. in 997, géza died , succeeded stephen (originally called vajk). stephen baptized bishop adalbert of prague , married gisela, daughter of henry ii , distant niece of otto iii. stephen had face rebellion of relative, koppány, claimed géza s inheritance based on hungarian tradition of agnatic seniority. stephen defeated koppány using western tactics , small number of swabian knights.
when otto iii traveled poland in 1000, brought him crown pope sylvester ii. otto iii s approval, stephen crowned first christian king of hungary on christmas day, 1000.
congress of gniezno
duke bolesław of poland given replica of holy lance in 1000 following congress of gniezno.
in 996, duke bolesław of poland sent longtime bishop of prague, adalbert, christianize prussian people. martyred prussians efforts in 997. bolesław i, had bought adalbert s body prussians weight in gold, had adalbert laid rest in gniezno cathedral, became ecclesiastical center of poland. otto iii , bolesław worked canonize adalbert, making him first slavic bishop become saint. in december 999, otto iii left italy make pilgrimage rome gniezno in poland pray @ grave of adalbert.
otto iii s pilgrimage allowed emperor extend influence of christianity in eastern europe , strengthen relations poland , hungary naming them federati ( allies ). on pilgrimage gniezno, emperor received bolesław @ polish border on bobr river near małomice. between 7 , 15 march 1000, otto iii invested bolesław titles frater et cooperator imperii ( brother , partner of empire ) , populi romani amicus et socius ( friend , ally of rome ). otto iii gave bolesław replica of holy lance (part of imperial regalia) , bolesław presented emperor relic, arm of saint adalbert in exchange.
on same foreign visit, otto iii raised gniezno rank of archbishopric , installed radzim gaudenty, brother of saint adalbert, first archbishop. otto iii established 3 new subordinate dioceses under archbishop of gniezno: bishopric of kraków (assigned bishop poppo), bishopric of wrocław (assigned bishop jan), , bishopric of kołobrzeg in pomerania (assigned bishop reinbern).
bolesław subsequently accompanied otto iii on way germany. both proceeded grave of charlemagne @ aachen cathedral, bolesław received charlemagne s throne gift. both arranged betrothal of bolesław s son mieszko ii lambert emperor s niece richeza of lotharingia.
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