early academic work on self-replicating programs
the first academic work on theory of self-replicating computer programs done in 1949 john von neumann gave lectures @ university of illinois theory , organization of complicated automata . work of von neumann later published theory of self-reproducing automata . in essay von neumann described how computer program designed reproduce itself. von neumann s design self-reproducing computer program considered world s first computer virus, , considered theoretical father of computer virology. in 1972, veith risak, directly building on von neumann s work on self-replication, published article selbstreproduzierende automaten mit minimaler informationsübertragung (self-reproducing automata minimal information exchange). article describes functional virus written in assembler programming language siemens 4004/35 computer system. in 1980 jürgen kraus wrote diplom thesis selbstreproduktion bei programmen (self-reproduction of programs) @ university of dortmund. in work kraus postulated computer programs can behave in way similar biological viruses.
first examples
the macmag virus universal peace , displayed on mac in march 1988
the creeper virus first detected on arpanet, forerunner of internet, in 1970s. creeper experimental self-replicating program written bob thomas @ bbn technologies in 1971. creeper used arpanet infect dec pdp-10 computers running tenex operating system. creeper gained access via arpanet , copied remote system message, m creeper, catch me if can! displayed. reaper program created delete creeper. in fiction, 1973 michael crichton sci-fi movie westworld made mention of concept of computer virus, being central plot theme causes androids run amok. alan oppenheimer s character summarizes problem stating ...there s clear pattern here suggests analogy infectious disease process, spreading one...area next. replies stated: perhaps there superficial similarities disease and, must confess find difficult believe in disease of machinery. (crichton s earlier work, 1969 novel andromeda strain , 1971 film version of biological virus-like disease threatened human race.)
in 1982, program called elk cloner first personal computer virus appear in wild —that is, outside single computer or [computer] lab created. written in 1981 richard skrenta while in ninth grade @ mount lebanon high school near pittsburgh, attached apple dos 3.3 operating system , spread via floppy disk. virus, created practical joke when skrenta still in high school, injected in game on floppy disk. on 50th use elk cloner virus activated, infecting personal computer , displaying short poem beginning elk cloner: program personality. in 1984 fred cohen university of southern california wrote paper computer viruses – theory , experiments . first paper explicitly call self-reproducing program virus , term introduced cohen s mentor leonard adleman. in 1987, fred cohen published demonstration there no algorithm can detect possible viruses. fred cohen s theoretical compression virus example of virus not malicious software (malware), putatively benevolent (well-intentioned). however, antivirus professionals not accept concept of benevolent viruses , desired function can implemented without involving virus (automatic compression, instance, available under windows operating system @ choice of user). virus definition make unauthorised changes computer, undesirable if no damage done or intended. on page 1 of dr solomon s virus encyclopaedia, undesirability of viruses, nothing reproduce, thoroughly explained.
an article describes useful virus functionalities published j. b. gunn under title use of virus functions provide virtual apl interpreter under user control in 1984. first ibm pc virus in wild boot sector virus dubbed (c)brain, created in 1986 farooq alvi brothers in lahore, pakistan, reportedly deter unauthorized copying of software had written. first virus target microsoft windows, winvir discovered in april 1992, 2 years after release of windows 3.0. virus did not contain windows api calls, instead relying on dos interrupts. few years later, in february 1996, australian hackers virus-writing crew vlad created bizatch virus (also known boza virus), first known virus target windows 95. in late 1997 encrypted, memory-resident stealth virus win32.cabanas released—the first known virus targeted windows nt (it able infect windows 3.0 , windows 9x hosts).
even home computers affected viruses. first 1 appear on commodore amiga boot sector virus called sca virus, detected in november 1987. first social networking virus, win32.5-0-1, created matt larose on august 15, 2001. virus targeted users of msn messenger , online bulletin boards. users required click on link activate virus, send email containing user data anonymous email address, later found owned larose. data sent contain items such user ip address , email addresses, contacts, website browsing history, , commonly used phrases. in 2008, larger websites used part of win32.5-0-1 code track web users advertising-related interests.
Comments
Post a Comment