1 religion
1.1 christian church
1.2 crusades
1.2.1 military orders
1.3 scholasticism
1.4 golden age of monasticism
1.5 mendicant orders
1.6 heretical movements
1.6.1 cathars
1.6.2 waldensians
religion
a limestone statue depicting aaron, brother of moses in old testament, cathedral of noyon, c. 1170
christian church
the east–west schism of 1054 formally separated christian church 2 parts: western catholicism in western europe , eastern orthodoxy in east. occurred when pope leo ix , patriarch michael excommunicated each other, on disputes existence of papal authority on 4 eastern patriarchs, disagreement on filioque.
crusades
the crusades occurred between 11th , 13th centuries. conducted under papal authority intent of reestablishing christian rule in holy land taking area muslim fatimid caliphate. fatimids had captured palestine in 970 ad, lost seljuk turks in 1073 ad , recaptured in 1098 ad, before lost again in 1099 ad result of first crusade.
military orders
in context of crusades, monastic military orders founded become template late medieval chivalric orders.
the knights templar christian military order founded after first crusade protect christian pilgrims hostile locals , highway bandits. order involved in banking, , in 1307 philip fair (philippine le eel) had entire order arrested in france , dismantled on charges of heresy.
the knights hospitaller christian organization founded in jerusalem in 1080 provide care poor, sick, or injured pilgrims holy land. after jerusalem taken in first crusade, became religious/military order charged care , defence of holy lands. after holy lands taken muslim forces, moved operations rhodes, , later malta.
the teutonic knights german religious order formed in 1190, in city of acre, both aid christian pilgims on way holy lands , operate hospitals sick , injured in extremer. after muslim forces captured holy lands, order moved transylvania in 1211 , later, after being expelled, invaded pagan prussic intention of christianizing baltic region. yet, before , after order s main pagan opponent, lithuania, converted christianity, order had attacked other christian nations such novgorod , poland. teutonic knights power hold, became considerable, broken in 1410, @ battle of grunwald, order suffered devastating defeat against joint polish-lithuanian army. after grunwald, order declined in power until 1809 when officially dissolved. there ten crusades in total.
scholasticism
the new christian method of learning influenced anselm of canterbury (1033–1109) rediscovery of works of aristotle, @ first indirectly through medieval jewish , muslim philosophy (maimonides, avicenna, , averroes) , through aristotle s own works brought byzantine , muslim libraries; , whom influenced, notably albertus magnus, bonaventure , abélard. many scholastics believed in empiricism , supporting roman catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, , logic. opposed christian mysticism, , platonist-augustinian belief mind immaterial substance. famous of scholastics thomas aquinas (later declared doctor of church ), led move away platonic , augustinian , towards aristotelianism. aquinas developed philosophy of mind writing mind @ birth tabula rasa ( blank slate ) given ability think , recognize forms or ideas through divine spark. other notable scholastics included roscelin, abélard, peter lombard, , francisco suárez. 1 of main questions during time problem of universals. prominent opponents of various aspects of scholastic mainstream included duns scotus, william of ockham, peter damian, bernard of clairvaux, , victorines.
golden age of monasticism
the late 11th century/early-mid 12th century height of golden age of christian monasticism (8th-12th centuries).
benedictine order - black-robed monks
cistercian order - white-robed monks
bernard of clairvaux
mendicant orders
the 13th century saw rise of mendicant orders such the:
franciscans (friars minor, commonly known grey friars), founded 1209
carmelites (hermits of blessed virgin mary of carmel, commonly known white friars), founded 1206–1214
dominicans (order of preachers, commonly called black friars), founded 1215
augustinians (hermits of st. augustine, commonly called austin friars), founded 1256
heretical movements
christian heresies existed in europe before 11th century in small numbers , of local character: in cases, rogue priest, or village returning pagan traditions. beginning in 11th century, mass-movement heresies appeared. roots of can partially sought in rise of urban cities, free merchants, , new money-based economy. rural values of monasticism held little appeal urban people began form sects more in tune urban culture. first large-scale heretical movements in western europe originated in newly urbanized areas such southern france , northern italy , influenced bogomils , other dualist movements. these heresies on scale catholic church had never seen before; response 1 of elimination (such cathars), , acceptance , integration of others (such veneration of francis of assisi, son of urban merchant renounced money).
cathars
cathars being expelled carcassonne in 1209
catharism movement gnostic elements originated around middle of 10th century, branded contemporary roman catholic church heretical. existed throughout of western europe, origination in languedoc , surrounding areas in southern france.
the name cathar stems greek katharos, pure . 1 of first recorded uses eckbert von schönau wrote on heretics cologne in 1181: hos nostra germania catharos appellat.
the cathars called albigensians. name originates end of 12th century, , used chronicler geoffroy du breuil of vigeois in 1181. name refers southern town of albi (the ancient albiga). designation hardly exact, centre @ toulouse , in neighbouring districts.
the albigensians strong in southern france, northern italy, , southwestern holy roman empire.
the bogomils strong in balkans, , became official religion supported bosnian kings.
dualists believed historical events result of struggle between force , evil force , evil ruled world, though controlled or defeated through asceticism , works.
albigensian crusade, simon de montfort, montségur, château de quéribus
waldensians
peter waldo of lyon wealthy merchant gave riches around 1175 after religious experience , became preacher. founded waldensians became christian sect believing religious practices should have scriptural basis. waldo denied right preach sermons third lateran council in 1179, did not obey , continued speak freely until excommunicated in 1184. waldo critical of christian clergy saying did not live according word. rejected practice of selling indulgences, common saint cult practices of day.
waldensians considered forerunner protestant reformation, , melted protestantism outbreak of reformation , became part of wider reformed tradition after views of john calvin , theological successors in geneva proved similar own theological thought. waldensian churches still exist, located on several continents.
Comments
Post a Comment