the crusades occurred between 11th , 13th centuries. conducted under papal authority intent of reestablishing christian rule in holy land taking area muslim fatimid caliphate. fatimids had captured palestine in 970 ad, lost seljuk turks in 1073 ad , recaptured in 1098 ad, before lost again in 1099 ad result of first crusade.
military orders
in context of crusades, monastic military orders founded become template late medieval chivalric orders.
the knights templar christian military order founded after first crusade protect christian pilgrims hostile locals , highway bandits. order involved in banking, , in 1307 philip fair (philippine le eel) had entire order arrested in france , dismantled on charges of heresy.
the knights hospitaller christian organization founded in jerusalem in 1080 provide care poor, sick, or injured pilgrims holy land. after jerusalem taken in first crusade, became religious/military order charged care , defence of holy lands. after holy lands taken muslim forces, moved operations rhodes, , later malta.
the teutonic knights german religious order formed in 1190, in city of acre, both aid christian pilgims on way holy lands , operate hospitals sick , injured in extremer. after muslim forces captured holy lands, order moved transylvania in 1211 , later, after being expelled, invaded pagan prussic intention of christianizing baltic region. yet, before , after order s main pagan opponent, lithuania, converted christianity, order had attacked other christian nations such novgorod , poland. teutonic knights power hold, became considerable, broken in 1410, @ battle of grunwald, order suffered devastating defeat against joint polish-lithuanian army. after grunwald, order declined in power until 1809 when officially dissolved. there ten crusades in total.
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