entrance qawaloon complex housed notable qawaloon hospital.
the earliest general hospital built in 805 in baghdad harun al-rashid. tenth century, baghdad had 5 more hospitals, while damascus had 6 hospitals 15th century , córdoba alone had 50 major hospitals, many exclusively military. of prominent islamic hospitals believed have been founded assistance of christians such jibrael ibn bukhtishu gundeshapur; there no evidence associate construction of earliest hospital christian physicians gondeshapur, may have played role in function of first hospital in baghdad.
the united states national library of medicine credits hospital being product of medieval islamic civilization. compared contemporaneous christian institutions, poor , sick relief facilities offered monasteries, islamic hospital more elaborate institution wider range of functions. in islam, there moral imperative treat ill regardless of financial status. islamic hospitals tended large, urban structures, , largely secular institutions, many open all, whether male or female, civilian or military, child or adult, rich or poor, muslim or non-muslim. islamic hospital served several purposes, center of medical treatment, home patients recovering illness or accidents, insane asylum, , retirement home basic maintenance needs aged , infirm.
the typical hospital divided departments such systemic diseases, surgery , orthopedics larger hospitals having more diverse specialties. systemic diseases rough equivalent of today s internal medicine , further divided sections such fever, infections , digestive issues. every department had officer-in-charge, presiding officer , supervising specialist. hospitals had lecture theaters , libraries. hospitals staff included sanitary inspectors, regulated cleanliness, , accountants , other administrative staff. hospitals typically run three-man board comprising non-medical administrator, chief pharmacist, called shaykh saydalani, equal in rank chief physician, served mutwalli (dean). medical facilities traditionally closed each night, 10th century laws passed keep hospitals open 24 hours day.
for less serious cases, physicians staffed outpatient clinics. cities had first aid centers staffed physicians emergencies located in busy public places, such big gatherings friday prayers take care of casualties. region had mobile units staffed doctors , pharmacists supposed meet need of remote communities. baghdad known have separate hospital convicts since 10th century after vizier ‘ali ibn isa ibn jarah ibn thabit wrote baghdad s chief medical officer prisons must have own doctors should examine them every day . first hospital built in egypt, in cairo s southwestern quarter, first documented facility care mental illnesses while first islamic psychiatric hospital opened in baghdad in 705.
hospitals in era first require medical diplomas license doctors. licensing test administered region s government appointed chief medical officer. test had 2 steps; first write treatise, on subject candidate wished obtain certificate, of original research or commentary of existing texts, encouraged scrutinize errors. second step answer questions in interview chief medical officer. physicians worked fixed hours , medical staff salaries fixed law. regulating quality of care , arbitrating cases, related if patient dies, family presents doctor s prescriptions chief physician judge if death natural or if negligence, in case family entitled compensation doctor. hospitals had male , female quarters while hospitals saw men , other hospitals, staffed women physicians, saw women. while women physicians practiced medicine, many largely focused on obstetrics.
hospitals forbidden law turn away patients unable pay. eventually, charitable foundations called waqfs formed support hospitals, schools. part of state budget went towards maintaining hospitals. while services of hospital free citizens , patients given small stipend support recovery upon discharge, individual physicians charged fees. in notable endowment, 13th-century governor of egypt al mansur qalawun ordained foundation qalawun hospital free patients , contain mosque, library doctors , pharmacy , hospital used today ophthalmology. hospital had accommodation 8,000 people - served 4,000 patients daily.
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