much of iberian peninsula had been occupied moors after 711, although northernmost portion divided between several christian states. in 11th century, , again in thirteenth, christian kingdoms of north gradually drove muslims central , of southern iberia.
in italy, independent city states grew affluent on eastern maritime trade. these in particular thalassocracies of pisa, amalfi, genoa , venice.
the pontic steppes, c. 1015
Comments
Post a Comment