Phonology Stød

1 phonology

1.1 stødbasis , alternations
1.2 tonal analysis
1.3 basbøll s analysis

phonology

danish linguists such eli fischer-jørgensen, nina grønnum , hans basbøll have considered stød suprasegmental phenomenon related phonation , accent. basbøll defines laryngeal syllable rhyme prosody .

the phonology of stød has been studied, , several different analyses have been elaborated account it. of time presence of stød in word predictable based on information syllable structure of word. there minimal pairs presence or absence of stød determines meaning:

stødbasis , alternations

two-syllable words accent on first syllable not take stød, nor closed monosyllables ending in non-sonorant. in standard danish stød found in words have phonological patterns, namely have heavy stressed syllable, coda of sonorant or vowel (i.e. words ending in vowel + /r, j, v/) or 1 of consonant phonemes /m, n, ŋ, l, d/. phonological structure called stødbasis in literature. in stødbasis model, stød possible on syllables have basis, secondary rules need formulated account syllables stødbasis, carry stød.

some words alternate morphologically stød-carrying , stød-less forms, example gul [guˀl] yellow (singular) , gule [ˈguːlə] yellow (plural) . grønnum considers stød non-phonemic in monosyllables long vowels (she analyzes phonemic structure of word lim glue pronounced [liːˀm] /liːm/), whereas basbøll considers phonemic in environment (analyzing instead /liːˀm/ contrasting structure of /tiːm/, team ).

tonal analysis

following earlier suggestion ito , mester, riad (2003) analyzes stød surface manifestation of underlying high-low tone pattern across 2 syllables. riad traces history of stød tonal system similar found in contemporary swedish dialects of mälardalen, particularly of eskilstuna. argument based both on phonetic similarity between stød, characterized sharp drop in f0 formant, , same phenomenon found in tonal systems, , on historical fact tonal accents considered historically prior stød system. 2013 study grønnum, vazquez-larruscaín , basbøll found tonal hypothesis unable account distribution of stød. analysis has been critiqued gress-wright (2008), prefers model similar basbøll s.

basbøll s analysis

basbøll (2005) gives analysis of stød based on prosody , syllable weight measured in terms of morae. analyzes danish having 2 kinds of syllables, monomoraic , bimoraic syllables. unstressed syllables, syllables short vowels, , non-sonorant codas considered monomoraic, whereas stressed syllables long vowels, or short vowels followed coda sonorants considered bimoraic. in basbøll s analysis, stød marks beginning of second mora in ultimate , antepenultimate syllables, although recognizes phonetically situation more complex phonetic experiments have shown effects of stød occur across entire syllable. stød can found in heavy bimoraic rhyme syllables, never in light (monomoraic) syllables. in analysis, notion of stødbasis unnecessary, , thing needs accounted cases syllables ought carry stød according model, in fact not, e.g. words øl, beer , , ven, friend . basbøll accounts these positing final sonorants in these cases extraprosodic, meaning not counting towards moraic weight of syllable belong. accounts resurfacing of stød when such words followed syllabic consonant such definite suffix (e.g. vennen friend [ˈvɛnˀn̩]), not when followed syllable vowel (e.g. venner friends [ˈvɛnɐ]). set of exceptions assumed lexically coded lacking stød.