Politics Mexico_City

1 politics

1.1 federal district
1.2 political structure
1.3 elections , government
1.4 boroughs , neighborhoods
1.5 metropolitan area

politics

federal district

mexico city s legislative assembly building

the acta constitutiva de la federación of january 31, 1824, , federal constitution of october 4, 1824, fixed political , administrative organization of united mexican states after mexican war of independence. in addition, section xxviii of article 50 gave new congress right choose federal government located. location appropriated federal land, federal government acting local authority. 2 main candidates become capital mexico city , querétaro.

due in large part persuasion of representative servando teresa de mier, mexico city chosen because center of country s population , history, though querétaro closer center geographically. choice official on november 18, 1824, , congress delineated surface area of 2 leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on zocalo. area separated state of mexico, forcing state s government move palace of inquisition (now museum of mexican medicine) in city texcoco. area did not include population centers of towns of coyoacán, xochimilco, mexicaltzingo , tlalpan, of remained part of state of mexico.

in 1854 president antonio lópez de santa anna enlarged area of federal district eightfold original 220 1,700 km (80 660 sq mi), annexing rural , mountainous areas secure strategic mountain passes south , southwest protect city in event of foreign invasion. (the mexican–american war had been fought.) last changes limits of federal district made between 1898 , 1902, reducing area current 1,479 km (571 sq mi) adjusting southern border state of morelos. time, total number of municipalities within federal district twenty-two.

while federal district ruled federal government through appointed governor, municipalities within autonomous, , duality of powers created tension between municipalities , federal government more century. in 1903, porfirio díaz largely reduced powers of municipalities within federal district. eventually, in december 1928, federal government decided abolish municipalities of federal district. in place of municipalities, federal district divided 1 central department , 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly government of federal district. central department integrated former municipalities of mexico city, tacuba, tacubaya , mixcoac.

in 1941, general anaya borough merged central department, renamed mexico city (thus reviving name, not autonomous municipality). 1941 1970, federal district comprised twelve delegaciones , mexico city. in 1970 mexico city split 4 different delegaciones: cuauhtémoc, miguel hidalgo, venustiano carranza , benito juárez, increasing number of delegaciones sixteen. since then, in de facto manner, whole federal district, delegaciones had formed single urban area, began considered synonym of mexico city.

the lack of de jure stipulation left legal vacuum led number of sterile discussions whether 1 concept had engulfed other or if latter had ceased exist altogether. in 1993 situation solved amendment 44th article of constitution whereby mexico city , federal district set same entity. amendment later introduced second article of statute of government of federal district.

on january 29, 2016, mexico city ceased called federal district (spanish: distrito federal or d.f.). former distrito federal officially known ciudad de méxico (or cdmx ). mexico city in transition become country s 32nd federal entity, giving level of autonomy comparable of state. because of clause in mexican constitution, however, seat of powers of federation, can never become state, unless capital of country relocated elsewhere.

political structure

the national palace of mexico



offices of secretariat of foreign affairs

mexico city, being seat of powers of union, did not belong particular state all. therefore, president, representing federation, used designate head of government of federal district, position presented outside mexico mayor of mexico city. in 1980s, given dramatic increase in population of previous decades, inherent political inconsistencies of system, dissatisfaction inadequate response of federal government after 1985 earthquake, residents began request political , administrative autonomy manage local affairs. political groups proposed federal district converted 32nd state of federation.

in response demands, in 1987 federal district received greater degree of autonomy, elaboration first statute of government (estatuto de gobierno), , creation of assembly of representatives. in 1990s, autonomy further expanded and, starting 1997, residents can directly elect head of government of federal district , representatives of unicameral legislative assembly (which succeeded previous assembly) popular vote.

the first elected head of government cuauhtémoc cárdenas. cárdenas resigned in 1999 run in 2000 presidential elections , designated rosario robles succeed him, became first woman (elected or otherwise) govern mexico city. in 2000 andrés manuel lópez obrador elected, , resigned in 2005 run in 2006 presidential elections, alejandro encinas being designated legislative assembly finish term. in 2006, marcelo ebrard elected 2006–2012 period.

the federal district not have constitution, states of union, rather statute of government. part of recent changes in autonomy, budget administered locally; proposed head of government , approved legislative assembly. nonetheless, congress of union sets ceiling internal , external public debt issued federal district.

according 44th article of mexican constitution, in case powers of union move city, federal district transformed new state, called state of valley of mexico , new limits set congress of union.

government offices in zócalo


elections , government

mexico city s head of government miguel Ángel mancera

in 2012, elections held post of head of government , representatives of legislative assembly. heads of government elected 6-year period without possibility of reelection. traditionally, position has been considered second important executive office in country.

the legislative assembly of federal district formed, case in legislatures in mexico, both single-seat , proportional seats, making system of parallel voting. federal district divided 40 electoral constituencies of similar population elect 1 representative first-past-the-post plurality (fpp), locally called uninominal deputies . federal district whole constitutes single constituency parallel election of 26 representatives proportionality (pr) open-party lists, locally called plurinominal deputies .

even though proportionality confined proportional seats prevent part being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in assignation of seats; namely, no party can have more 63% of seats, both uninominal , plurinominal. in 2006 elections leftist prd got absolute majority in direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of 40 fpp seats. such, prd not assigned plurinominal seat comply law prevents over-representation. overall composition of legislative assembly is:

the politics pursued administrations of heads of government in mexico city since second half of 20th century have been more liberal of rest of country, whether support of federal government—as case approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in 1980s—or through laws approved legislative assembly. in april of same year, legislative assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming first federal entity expand abortion in mexico beyond cases of rape , economic reasons, permit regardless of reason should mother request before twelfth week of pregnancy. in december 2009, federal district became first city in latin america, , 1 of few in world, legalize same-sex marriage.

boroughs , neighborhoods


the 16 boroughs of mexico city



a traditional street in coyoacan



a german-style home, restaurant, in san angel neighborhood

for administrative purposes, federal district divided 16 delegaciones or boroughs. while not equivalent municipality, 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, , since 2000 heads of government elected directly plurality (they appointed head of government of federal district). given mexico city organized entirely federal district, of city services provided or organized government of federal district , not boroughs themselves, while in constituent states these services provided municipalities. 16 boroughs of federal district 2010 populations are:

the boroughs composed hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. historic center oldest part of city (along other, formerly separate colonial towns such coyoacán , san Ángel), of buildings dating 16th century. other well-known central neighborhoods include condesa, known art deco architecture , restaurant scene; colonia roma, beaux arts neighborhood , artistic , culinary hot-spot, zona rosa, formerly center of nightlife , restaurants, reborn center of lgbt , korean-mexican communities; , tepito , la lagunilla, known local working-class foklore , large flea markets. santa maría la ribera , san rafael latest neighborhoods of magnificent porfiriato architecture seeing first signs of gentrification.

west of historic center (centro histórico) along paseo de la reforma many of city s wealthiest neighborhoods such polanco, lomas de chapultepec, bosques de las lomas, santa fe, , (in state of mexico) interlomas, city s important areas of class office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers , shopping malls. nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in cases cheek-by-jowl rich neighborhoods, particularly in case of santa fe.

the south of city home other high-income neighborhoods such colonia del valle , jardines del pedregal, , formerly separate colonial towns of coyoacán, san Ángel, , san jerónimo. along avenida insurgentes paseo de la reforma, near center, south past world trade center , unam university towards periférico ring road, important corridor of corporate office space. far southern boroughs of xochimilco , tláhuac have significant rural population milpa alta being entirely rural.

east of center lower-income areas middle-class neighborhoods such jardín balbuena. urban sprawl continues further east many miles state of mexico, including ciudad nezahualcoyotl, increasingly middle-class, once full of informal settlements. these kind of slums found on eastern edges of metropolitan area in chalco area.

north of historic center, azcapotzalco , gustavo a. madero have important industrial centers , neighborhoods range established middle-class colonias such claveria , lindavista huge low-income housing areas share hillsides adjacent municipalities in state of mexico. in recent years of northern mexico city s industry has moved nearby municipalities in state of mexico. northwest of mexico city ciudad satélite, vast middle upper-middle-class residential , business area.

the human development index report of 2005 shows there 3 boroughs high human development index, 12 high hdi value (9 above .85) , 1 medium hdi value (almost high). benito juárez borough had highest hdi of country (.9510) followed miguel hidalgo came 4th nationally hdi of (.9189) , coyoacán (5th nationally) hdi value of (.9169). cuajimalpa, cuauhtémoc , azcapotzalco had high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) , .8915 (25th).

in contrast, boroughs of xochimilco (172th), tláhuac (177th) , iztapalapa (183th) presented lowest hdi values of federal district values of .8481, .8473 , .8464 respectively—values still in global high-hdi range. borough did not present high hdi of rural milpa alta presented medium hdi of .7984, far below other boroughs (627th nationally while rest stood in top 200). mexico city s hdi 2005 report of .9012 (very high), , 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, , mexico s highest.

metropolitan area


growth of mexico city s area 1900 2000

greater mexico city formed federal district, 60 municipalities state of mexico , 1 state of hidalgo. greater mexico city largest metropolitan area in mexico , area highest population density. of 2009, 21,163,226 people live in urban agglomeration, of 8,841,916 live in mexico city proper. in terms of population, biggest municipalities part of greater mexico city (excluding mexico city proper) are:

atizapan de zaragoza (pop. 489,775)
chimalhuacán (pop. 602,079)
cuautitlán izcalli (pop. 532,973)
ecatepec de morelos (pop. 1,658,806)
ixtapaluca (pop. 467,630)
naucalpan (pop. 833,782)
nezahualcóyotl (pop. 1,109,363)
tlalnepantla de baz (pop. 664,160)

the above municipalities located in state of mexico part of greater mexico city area. approximately 75% (10 million) of state of méxico s population live in municipalities part of greater mexico city s conurbation.

greater mexico city fastest growing metropolitan area in country until late 1980s. since then, , through policy of decentralization in order reduce environmental pollutants of growing conurbation, annual rate of growth of agglomeration has decreased, , lower of other 4 largest metropolitan areas (namely greater guadalajara, greater monterrey, greater puebla , greater toluca) though still positive.

the net migration rate of mexico city proper 1995 2000 negative, implies residents moving suburbs of metropolitan area, or other states of mexico. in addition, inner suburbs losing population outer suburbs, indicating continuing expansion of greater mexico city.