1 literary analysis
1.1 dialect
1.2 poetic style
1.3 first perceval continuation parallels
1.4 further parallels
1.4.1 alliterative morte arthure
1.4.2 sir gawain , green knight
1.4.3 amis , amiloun
1.4.4 mabinogion
literary analysis
dialect
gologras written in middle scots, dialect closely related northern variants of middle english. written in anglo-scottish border country, region produced many other poems such sir gawain , green knight , awntyrs off arthur. vocabulary similar in poems, , them heavy use made of alliteration.
poetic style
the knightly tale of gologras , gawain written in stanzas of thirteen lines each, rhyming ababababcdddc. middle english poem, sir gawain , green knight, of lines of each stanza alliterative long lines; , earlier , more famous arthurian poem recounting adventure of sir gawain, has tail of 4 short lines @ end of every stanza. in case of knightly tale of gologras , gawain, – unlike more famous cousin – last 4 lines of every stanza form separate quatrain... linked final rhyme ninth line , style of alliteration , rhyme identical found in middle english poem awntyrs off arthure perhaps challenging rhyme scheme, coupled poem s use of large number of technical terms combat , costume, scots dialect , general unavailability of text, has contributed relative, although undeserved, neglect.
the first perceval continuation parallels
as stated, knightly tale of gologras , gawain considered pastiche of materials taken first perceval continuation, though character name gologras unique, , holy pilgrimage setting not parallel french romance. (as aside, first perceval continuation provided source surviving english-language poem, jeaste of sir gawain, likewise depicts king arthur s nephew sir gawain engaging in single combat.)
the parallel episodes in first perceval continuatio has been summarized madden in extenso, though caveat madden used 1530 printed prose version, , not original verse romance. sparser summaries in english given bryant , roach.
the paralleling portions occur in section iv castle orgueillous in roach s edition of first continuation. arthur proposes , adventure, rescue gifflet, has been held prisoner @ castle orgueillous ( proud castle ).
however, before main adventure, arthur , knights experience side-quest quite similar #the city of provisions portion of gologras. sir kay sets out find food wearied king, , barges in on manor near castle of lord of meyloant/meliolant. finds dwarf roasting peacock, , asks there persons about? (as if dwarf not human being). ignored, kay holds compulsion kill dwarf on spot, , says, in effect, since such lovely bird mismatch humnchbacked dwarf, shall have dinner. angered dwarf tells him leave or suffer consequences. kay hurls dwarf pillar supporting chimney, when lord of manor makes entrance. lord asks going on, , kay characteristically rude. lord declares not in habit of family refuse food asks, , grabs peacock (probably spit) , slugs kay in neck, leaving him indelible burn mark. kay reports arthur of failure, , courteous gawain sent. lord of manor (named yder li biaus or yder fair ) impressed , gives arthur , men cordial invitation manor. (potvin ed. iii, lines 16331-16624; 1530 prose print version, fol. 103b-105 )
king arthur , knights sir brandelis guide, arrive @ proud castle. (this of course corresponds golagros s castle in english poem, , knowledgeable brandleis take on role of spynagrose.)
when arthur , men arrive, loud bells sounded @ castle, , knights neighboring lands gather, 3000 banners flourish castle. no all-out siege warfare follows, , each army sends out representative each day joust in single-combat.
shortly after arriving, number of single-combats take place. first sir lucan defeats 1 of castle s knights, himself defeated , taken prisoner. bran de lis victorious king arthur, sir kay loses joust and, after interval hunt, sir yvain victorious. castle s lord, riche soldoier [sic], decides fight. sir gawain rides against him.
the first day, sir lucan butler given honor of jousting. unhorses opponent, , captured horse, seemingly gain victory. however, brandelis explains according rules, victory hinged on him bringing opponent captive, , had done so, castle have surrendered , adventure over. lucan goes field , met different opponent, , time defeated , taken prisoner. upside lucan becomes inmates griflet, , able give him news arthur here rescue him. second day, brandleis wins joust. third day, kay fights pitched battle, loses , infraction of out of bounds rule. (the borders marked 4 olive trees). kay tries insist won, laughed peers.
the jousting interrupted saint mary s feast, arthur , men go hunting. sir gawain discovers knight sitting tree. not respond conversation, gawain tries lift him up, , carry him arthur. knight tells him angrily leave him alone, wishes die. gawain leaves spot perplexed gains inkling of circumstances when encounters maiden happen knight s betrothed. not able make in time marry knight on wedding day, , feared death of him. gawain reassures her knight alive. gawain later learns brandelis knight turns out ruler of proud castle, named riche soudoier, , lady amie.
the jousting resumes, , fourth entrant iwain wins. day after, riche soudoier himself announced combant, sir gawain volunteers fight. in end, gawain victorious , arthur achieves adventure (recovery of sir griflet). in english poem gologras , gawain, gawain pretend have been defeated opponent, in meanwhile, arthur , others must worry gawain s being. in english poem, gawaine agrees charade merely save opponent s face. in first perceval continuation, life of riche sodoier s fiancee @ stake, because, says, if girl loves knows has been defeated, die of grief.
(potvin ed. 16331-624, 18209-19446; bryant s summary; madden s summary)
further parallels
parallels can found in medieval arthurian literature, medieval romance , in welsh mythology. in particular, motif of reciprocity widespread in british literature.
alliterative morte arthure
in late-fourteenth century middle english poem known alliterative morte arthure, based upon episode in geoffrey of monmouth s mid-twelfth century historia regum britanniae, king arthur travels army across france in order meet roman army sent against him. encounters army in france, defeats , kills commander, sending army rome in disarray, along bodies of sixty of chief senators of rome, , reaches tuscany (an area of italy immediate south of ancient region of cisalpine gaul) before news reaches him of mordred s treachery, prompting inauspicious , premature return.
the knightly tale of gologras , gawain, also, has king arthur fighting in france , leading army towards tuscany.
in tyme of arthur, trew men me tald,
the king turnit on ane tyde towart tuskane,
hym seik ovr sey, saiklese sald,
the syre sendis seill, suthly sane.
in time of arthur, honest men have told me, king set off 1 day tuscany, seek our lord on sea betrayed , died us, our benevolent father in truthfulness.
sir gawain , green knight
in addition episodes described above, first continuation of chrétien de troyes perceval includes scene in magician, father of knight of round table, sir carados, enters king arthur s court , invites 1 of king s knights cut off head, promising knight can cut off head afterwards. done, , token blow received in return. episode similar 1 composed 2 hundred years later in middle english alliterative verse, opening scene of sir gawain , green knight found in ms cotton nero a.x, , possibly direct source. in story of sir gawain , green knight, however, return blow delivered in year s time.
sir gawain, on last night @ sir bertilak s castle in sir gawain , green knight, having gone through locate green chapel @ must suffer return stroke of axe, determined, in chivalrous style, merrier ever before. likewise, gologras, in knightly tale of gologras , gawain, determined seen relaxed , mery in hall, when things going badly him outside , knights failing gain upper hand. show of composure in adversity becomes measure of honour , chivalry both protagonists. , climax of both knightly tale of gologras , gawain , sir gawain , green knight involves reciprocity. in one, sir gawain takes upon himself has given gologras, is, mantle of defeat. in other, sir gawain receives has given opponent, is, stroke of axe. , not stroke of axe, earlier, also, in bertilak s castle, game played in bertilak had gained in forest given sir gawain, , sir gawain had achieved in castle (supposed be) given host. more reciprocity.
amis , amiloun
a fourteenth century middle english poem amis , amiloun, found in famous auchinleck manuscript, tells story contains many elements , motifs derived european folklore. based upon twelfth-century old french poem amis et amiles, tells of pair of unrelated young men alike nobody can tell them apart. swear blood brotherhood together, pledge put test when amis has fight trial combat on crime of guilty. rides amiloun, married, , exchange identities. amis rides amiloun s castle pretending lord. amiloun rides away fight single combat on amis s behalf, able swear innocent of crime.
mabinogion
tales middle welsh mabinogion found in 2 manuscripts dating mid- , late-fourteenth century, many of tales evolved on span of centuries: passed on storyteller storyteller, turns expanded , distorted, improved , misunderstood. mythological tale in first of 4 branches of mabinogi, 1 involving annwvyn, not-world, or otherworld, tells of hunting expedition undertaken pwyll lord of dyved. sets hounds against of arawn, king of otherworld, , in attempt make amends, agrees exchange places king year , day in order battle king of otherworld, havgan, in year s time. arawn takes on form of pywll, pwyll takes on appearance of arawn, , after spending year in each other s lands, pwyll (who looks arawn) battle havgan, must struck once, since if struck repeatedly, return next day fit , ever was.
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