Potential_health_effects Fructose

1 potential health effects

1.1 digestion
1.2 weight gain
1.3 cardiometabolic diseases
1.4 compared sucrose
1.5 liver function
1.6 gout
1.7 glycemic index
1.8 appetite control

potential health effects
digestion

fructose absorption occurs in small intestine via glut-5 (fructose only) transporter, , glut2 transporter, competes glucose , galactose. over-consumption of fructose, inhibition of glut2 other phytochemicals, such flavonoids, or other issues, may result in delivery of unabsorbed fructose large intestine, cause more water drawn large intestine through process of osmosis causing diarrhea. in addition, excessive fructose becomes source of nutrients gut flora resulting in higher production of short chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide , other gases due fermentation. increase of gas causes gastrointestinal side effects mimic irritable bowel syndrome.

weight gain

in meta-analysis of clinical trials controlled feeding — test subjects fed fixed amount of energy rather being allowed choose amount ate — fructose not independent factor weight gain; however, fructose consumption associated weight gain when fructose provided excess calories.

cardiometabolic diseases

excess fructose consumption has been hypothesized cause of insulin resistance, obesity, elevated ldl cholesterol , triglycerides, leading metabolic syndrome. in preliminary research, fructose consumption correlated obesity. fructose encourages visceral adipose tissue deposition in humans.

studies indicate there may increased risk of cardiovascular disease high intake of fructose. studies have associated high fructose consumption increased incidence of hypertension, both acutely , in long term in subjects without history of hypertension. mechanistic link thought increased production of uric acid, known predictor hypertension. elevation in uric acid due unregulated phosphorylation leading depletion of atp , subsequent adp degradation uric acid.

another study in humans concluded fructose , sucrose metabolized similarly, whereas different analysis produced higher fasting plasma triglyceride values did glucose diet in men , ...if plasma triacylglycerols risk factor cardiovascular disease, diets high in fructose may undesirable . study in 2015 later confirmed showing consuming beverages high levels of high-fructose corn syrup caused heightened levels of ldl cholesterol, non-hdl cholesterol, apolipoprotein b, of lipid/lipoproteins risk factors cardiovascular disease.

in contrast above claims of fructose contributing cardiometabolic diseases, expert panel of european food safety authority concluded fructose preferred in food , beverage manufacturing replace sucrose , glucose due lower effect of fructose on blood glucose levels following meal.

compared sucrose

fructose recommended diabetics because not trigger production of insulin pancreatic β cells, because β cells have low levels of glut5, although net effect both diabetics , non-diabetics debated. fructose has low glycemic index of 19 ± 2, compared 100 glucose , 68 ± 5 sucrose. fructose 73% sweeter sucrose @ room temperature, diabetics can use less of it. studies show fructose consumed before meal may lessen glycemic response of meal. fructose-sweetened food , beverage products cause less of rise in blood glucose levels manufactured sucrose or glucose.

liver function

excessive fructose consumption may contribute development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

gout

a 2008 study found risk of incident gout associated high consumption of fructose or fructose-rich foods.

glycemic index

fructose has lowest glycemic index (gi = 19) of natural sugars. in comparison, ordinary table sugar (sucrose, half fructose) has gi of 65 , honey (usually 50% fructose content) has gi of 55.

appetite control

compared consumption of high glucose beverages, drinking high-fructose beverages meals results in lower circulating insulin , leptin levels, , higher ghrelin levels after meal. since leptin , insulin decrease appetite , ghrelin increases appetite, researchers suspect eating large amounts of fructose increases likelihood of weight gain.