1 mint officers
1.1 général des monnaies
1.2 maître général
1.3 maître particulier / fermier
1.4 directeur
1.5 garde / juge-garde
1.6 contre-garde / contrôleur contre-garde
1.7 monnayeur
1.8 essayeur
1.9 graveur / tailleur
1.10 other officers
mint officers
because mints under authority of chambre des comptes of navarre, senior mint official, général des monnaies, officer of chambre des comptes of navarre. each of 3 mints had own separate , distinct personnel. mints officers included garde de la monnaie, contre-garde de la monnaie, prosecutor (french: procureur), registrar (french: greffier), , later huissier.
within mints (french: hôtel de la monnaie) themselves, management consisted of licensee, referred lessee of mint (french: fermier), operational , financial manager (french: directeur & trésorier particulier), engraver (french: graveur), quality controller (french: essayeur), moneyer provost (french: prévôt des monnayeurs), finisher provost (french: prévôt des ajusteurs), , moneyer supervisor (french: lieutenant des monnayeurs). monnayeurs operators of equipment , presses needed mint coins. ajusteurs took freshly-minted coins , deburred , otherwise polished them.
after navarre , béarn joined in union kingdom of france in 1620, officers exercised general functions 3 mints.
in 1635, king louis xiii of france confirmed letters of succession granted officers of mints of pau , morlaàs in 1631. each officer paid 293 livres , 5 sous confirmation of letters, after succession of offices inheritance.
in monetary history of béarn, blanchet provided detailed, albeit incomplete, listings references departmental archives of payrénées-atlantiques, of persons held various offices 3 mints in saint-palais, pau , morlaàs.
général des monnaies
the général des monnaies (english: general of mint), known général provincial (english: provincial general), title judges established in different provinces of kingdom preside on rulings issued in jurisdictions under authority of chambre des comptes of navarre, before 1691, , cour des monnaies of parliament of navarre , béarn, between 1691 , french revolution. ruling of conseil d’État dated 1 july 1625 gave them official title of conseillers généraux provinciaux des monnaies (english: general provincial counselors of mints).
they responsible audit , inspection of mints, , had gardes, later juges-gardes, reporting directly them. responsible remitting minutes of visits in form of reports prosecutor general, who, in turn, responsible remitting reports court of parliament. latter examined reported abuses committed in production processes , pronounced punishment on fermiers/maîtres, officers , laborers of mints.
in edict dated 30 june 1696, king louis xiv replaced 7 provincial generals twenty-eight conseillers généraux provinciaux, of 1 city of pau , under jurisdiction of parliament of pau. these new counselors, counterparts @ cour de la monnaie, responsible prevention of counterfeiting , unauthorized alterations of coins, working in parallel bailiwicks, seneschals, officers of présidial, , gardes of mints. general of mint of navarre , béarn settled disputes between mint officers, hired skilled , unskilled laborers mints, , ruled on objections raised procedures at, , judgments concerning, mints, when arose, except in cases when appealed court of parliament.
before 1691, general of mint hired by, , swore oath to, chambre des comptes of navarre. after chambre des comptes of navarre merged parliament of navarre , béarn in 1691, hired by, , swore oath to, cour des monnaies of parliament of navarre , béarn. remuneration amounted 1,333 livres, 6 sols , 8 deniers per year.
maître général
on 25 october 1497, catherine of navarre named jean, seigneur de candau, maître général of mint of morlàas, replace gaston de saint-jean, had died. 1 sees document maître général received oaths of office maîtres particuliers, gardes, essayeurs, prévôts, , skilled , unskilled laborers. but, title seems have been purely honorary , other documents show management of mints belonged maître particulier leased mints , produced coins under license.
maître particulier / fermier
the maître particulier (english: individual master) leased mint or mints under renewable six-year contract chambre des comptes of navarre, later cour des monnaies of parliament of navarre , béarn, , produced coins, medals , tokens under license granted lease.
the maître particulier referred fermier, word has root , meaning in fact fermier individual …qui affermait la fabrication… (who leased production). fermier, in sense, means lessee, 1 affermer (present tense) or affermait (past tense). chambre des comptes of navarre lessor of mints.
at end of lease, lessee required present detailed accounting of entire production made under lease, seigneurial duties paid, allowances weight , law recorded during production, remuneration of various mint officers and, in general, of expenses incurred. accounting subject strict verification.
the lease paid treasurer of béarn in 3 installments annually: @ candlemas, pentecost , michaelmas.
new mints leases announced sounding of trumpets. later, announced throughout kingdom posters printed in lescar.
directeur
towards end of 17th century, maître particulier, lessee, replaced director, employee. office of director of mint cost 13,200 livres , offered 1,200 livres in remuneration. office holder entitled bonus, calculated 5 sols per marc of gold , silver coins minted.
garde / juge-garde
the garde (english: guardian) of mints responsible policing workshops , preventing entry of persons other duly sworn , employed @ mint. responsibilities included ensuring accuracy of weights, being present @ pre-production trials, post-production tests , when weights measured, during delivery , crating of finished coins. required keep registers of raw materials used in production , of production delays laborers , moneyers, giving of workers dénéraux, monetary weights used check weight of coins minted, gold, facilitate correct coinage. when planchet not round or otherwise not worked, garde responsible have them remelted , recast @ expense of employees involved, inflicted fines or other penalties on them, including suspension work. gardes responsible removing stamping tools , instruments used in striking coins , medals workshop, when not being used.
prior end of 16th century, gardes des monnaies of béarn not required post bond, prosecutor general complained madame la gouvernante responsibility important, yet not required post bond. henry iii of navarre made decree on 6 december 1590, ordering no 1 hired garde without posting bond of 1,000 écu sols.
at end of 17th century, there 2 juges-gardes in mint of pau of parliament disputed qualities juges-gardes, given them letters patent king. offices cost 4,000 livres each , offered 125 livres of remuneration. juges-gardes entitled bonus, calculated 1 sols per marc of newly minted gold coins, 6 denier per marc of silver coins, , 6 deniers per marc of gold , silver coins sent foundry remelted , minted second time (as result of quality issues).
contre-garde / contrôleur contre-garde
on 23 november 1606, fr:maître pierre de day hired first contre-garde, , because office new, king fixed remuneration @ 125 livres, in other words, same gardes @ time. amount taken out of funds of chambre des poids et alois (english: chamber of weights , values), after remuneration of other mint officers , other expenses paid. new contre-garde required post bond.
the contre-garde officer responsible inspection of work in monetary workshop , keeping register of gold, silver , billon metals used in production of coins. checked financial accounts submitted clerks , exchange dealers, , ensured paid in cash according current exchange rate. contre-garde ranked organizationally 1 level lower garde or juge-garde, replaced each other in functions in case of absence.
the office of contre-garde cost 8,800 livres, offered 800 livres of remuneration, , entitled holder bonus of 6 deniers per marc of gold , silver brought exchange.
with edict in june 1696, louis xiv of france replaced contre-gardes contrôlers contre-gardes, duties remained same , remuneration amounted 1,066 livres, 13 sols , 4 deniers. salary increased 200 livres in 1700. in addition, each contrôleur contre-garde allotted housing, inside mint itself.
monnayeur
a mint worker responsible coinage (striking coins.)
there 4 monnayeurs had no fixed compensation. instead, earned 1 sol per marc of gold minted, 6 deniers per marc of silver, , 6 deniers per marc of gold or silver remelted , reminted.
essayeur
the essayeur (english: quality controller, tester) in each mint had varying rights depending on period. section, unlike preceding sections, summarizes position of essayeur in french mints during 16th century. situation in navarre , béarn have been same.
the essayeur responsible performing quality control testing gold, silver , billon delivered maître particulier of mint raw materials production, finished products. present deliveries. bonus, entitled keep 1 half of peuilles monnaie blanche (i.e. gold , silver coins) , monnaie noire (i.e. coins of little value, little precious metal content, such billon , copper) , garde other half. essayeur , maître particulier responsible measuring value, , garde responsible measuring weight. forbidden essayeur associated maître particulier or clerk, if had taken oath customarily sworn laborers , or minters, labor , or mint alongside of them.
in 1723, essayeurs ordered mark gold , silver bullion brought them testing unique stamps , maintain individual registers.
at end of 17th century, office of essayeur in mint of pau cost 3,000 livres, offered 125 livres of remuneration, , entitled holder bonus of 8 deniers per marc of gold , 4 deniers per marc of silver currency produced.
graveur / tailleur
at end of 17th century tailleur (english: sizer), or graveur (english: engraver), had 200 livres of remuneration, , bonus of 16 deniers per marc of gold , 8 deniers per marc of silver coins remelted.
other officers
the mint of pau had 4 tireurs de barre, without fixed compensation, shared bonus monnayeurs. fr:ajusteurs, 8 in number, earned 2 sols per marc of gold , 1 sol per sols of silver.
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