st. john @ crucifixion of jesus in stabat mater pietro peruginorome, c. 1482
lamentation of virgin. john apostle trying console mary
church tradition has held john author of gospel of john , 4 other books of new testament — 3 epistles of john , book of revelation. in gospel, authorship internally credited disciple whom jesus loved (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o iēsous) in john 20:2. john 21:24 claims gospel of john based on written testimony of beloved disciple . authorship of johannine literature has been debated since year 200. doubt gospel of john written individual named john (Ἰωάννης or יוחנן). nevertheless, notion of john evangelist exists, , still considered same apostle john.
in ecclesiastical history, eusebius says first epistle of john , gospel of john agreed upon his. however, eusebius mentions consensus second , third epistles of john not written other john. eusebius goes length establish reader there no general consensus regarding revelation of john. revelation of john called book of revelation. gospel according john differs considerably synoptic gospels, written decades earlier. bishops of asia minor supposedly requested him write gospel deal heresy of ebionites, asserted christ did not exist before mary. john knew , undoubtedly approved of gospels of matthew, mark, , luke, these gospels spoke of jesus in year following imprisonment , death of john baptist. around 600, however, sophronius of jerusalem noted 2 epistles bearing name ... considered work of john elder and, while stating revelation written john of patmos, later translated justin martyr , irenaeus , presumably in attempt reconcile tradition obvious differences in greek style.
until 19th century, authorship of gospel of john had been attributed apostle john. however, modern critical scholars have doubts. scholars place gospel of john somewhere between ad 65 , 85; john robinson proposes initial edition 50–55 , final edition 65 due narrative similarities paul. other scholars of opinion gospel of john composed in 2 or 3 stages. contemporary scholars consider gospel not written until latter third of first century ad, , earliest possible date of ad 75-80. ...a date of ad 75-80 earliest possible date of composition gospel . other scholars think later date, perhaps last decade of first century ad right start of 2nd century (i.e. 90 - 100), applicable.
nonetheless, today many theological scholars continue accept traditional authorship. colin g. kruse states since john evangelist has been named consistently in writings of church fathers, hard pass conclusion, despite widespread reluctance accept many, no means all, modern scholars.
the gospel of john written anonymous author. according paul n. anderson, gospel contains more direct claims eyewitness origins of other gospel traditions . f. f. bruce argues 19:35 contains emphatic , explicit claim eyewitness authority . bart d. ehrman, however, not think gospel claims have been written direct witnesses reported events.
book of revelation
the author of book of revelation identifies himself Ἰωάννης ( john in standard english translation) 2nd century writer, justin martyr, first equate author of revelation john apostle. however, biblical scholars contend these separate individuals.
john presbyter, obscure figure in church, has been identified seer of book of revelation such authors eusebius in church history (book iii, 39) , jerome.
john considered have been exiled patmos, during persecutions under emperor domitian. revelation 1:9 says author wrote book on patmos: i, john, both brother , companion in tribulation... on island called patmos word of god , testimony of jesus christ. adela yarbro collins, biblical scholar @ yale divinity school, writes:
early tradition says john banished patmos roman authorities. tradition credible because banishment common punishment used during imperial period number of offenses. among such offenses practices of magic , astrology. prophecy viewed romans belonging same category, whether pagan, jewish, or christian. prophecy political implications, expressed john in book of revelation, have been perceived threat roman political power , order. 3 of islands in sporades places political offenders banished. (pliny natural history 4.69-70; tacitus annals 4.30)
some modern higher critical scholars have raised possibility john apostle, john evangelist, , john of patmos 3 separate individuals. these scholars assert john of patmos wrote revelation neither gospel of john nor epistles of john. one, author of revelation identifies himself john several times, author of gospel of john never identifies himself directly. catholic scholars state vocabulary, grammar, , style make doubtful book have been put present form same person(s) responsible fourth gospel .
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