1 historical events , politics
1.1 great britain , ireland
1.2 scandinavia
1.3 france , germany
1.4 georgia
1.5 hungary
1.6 poland , lithuania
1.7 spain , italy
1.8 southeastern europe
1.9 climate , agriculture
1.10 rise of chivalry
historical events , politics
bayeux tapestry depicting battle of hastings during norman invasion of england
great britain , ireland
the painted effigies of eleanor of aquitaine , henry ii of england fontevraud abbey in anjou, france, no longer houses remains
in england, norman conquest of 1066 resulted in kingdom ruled francophone nobility. normans invaded ireland force in 1169 , established throughout of country, although stronghold southeast. likewise, scotland , wales subdued vassalage @ same time, though scotland later asserted independence. exchequer founded in 12th century under king henry i, , first parliaments convened. in 1215, after loss of normandy, king john signed magna carta law, limited power of english monarchs.
scandinavia
from mid-tenth mid-11th centuries, scandinavian kingdoms unified , christianized, resulting in end of viking raids, , greater involvement in european politics. king cnut of denmark ruled on both england , norway. after cnut s death in 1035, england , norway lost, , defeat of valdemar ii in 1227, danish predominance in region came end. meanwhile, norway extended atlantic possessions, ranging greenland isle of man, while sweden, under birger jarl, built power-base in baltic sea. however, norwegian influence started decline in same period, marked treaty of perth of 1266. also, civil wars raged in norway between 1130 , 1240.
france , germany
by time of high middle ages, carolingian empire had been divided , replaced separate successor kingdoms called france , germany, although not modern boundaries. germany under banner of holy roman empire, reached high-water mark of unity , political power.
georgia
during successful reign of king david iv of georgia (1089–1125), kingdom of georgia grew in strength , expelled seljuk empire lands. david s decisive victory in battle of didgori (1121) against seljuk turks, result of georgia recaptured lost capital tbilisi, marked beginning of georgian golden age. david s granddaughter queen tamar continued upward rise, neutralizing internal opposition , embarking on energetic foreign policy aided further decline of hostile seljuk turks. relying on powerful military élite, tamar able build on successes of predecessors consolidate empire dominated vast lands spanning present-day southern russia on black sea caspian sea. georgia remained leading regional power until collapse under mongol attacks within 2 decades after tamar s death.
hungary
king saint stephen of hungary.
in high middle ages, kingdom of hungary (founded in 1000), became 1 of powerful medieval states in central europe , western europe. king saint stephen of hungary introduced christianity region; remembered contemporary chroniclers religious monarch, wide knowledge in latin grammar, strict own people kind foreigners. eradicated remnants of tribal organisation in kingdom , forced people sedentarize , adopt christian religion, ethics, way of life , founded hungarian medieval state, organising politically in counties using germanic system model.
the following monarchs kept close relationship rome saint ladislaus of hungary, , tolerant attitude pagans escaped kingdom searching sanctuary (for example cumans in 13th century), created discomfort popes. entering in personal union kingdom of croatia , annexation of other small states, hungary became small empire extended control on balkans , carpathian region. hungarian royal house 1 gave saints catholic church during medieval times.
poland , lithuania
during high middle ages poland emerged kingdom. decided bond grand duchy of lithuania, confirmed union of krewo , later treaties, leading personal union in 1569.
spain , italy
much of iberian peninsula had been occupied moors after 711, although northernmost portion divided between several christian states. in 11th century, , again in thirteenth, christian kingdoms of north gradually drove muslims central , of southern iberia.
in italy, independent city states grew affluent on eastern maritime trade. these in particular thalassocracies of pisa, amalfi, genoa , venice.
the pontic steppes, c. 1015
southeastern europe
main articles: byzantine empire, second bulgarian empire, serbian grand principality, principality of arbanon, banate of bosnia, , kingdom of croatia
the high middle ages saw height , decline of slavic state of kievan rus , emergence of cumania. later, mongol invasion in 13th century had great impact on east of europe, many countries of region invaded, pillaged, conquered and/or vassalized.
during first half of period (c. 1025—1185) byzantine empire dominated balkans, , under komnenian emperors there revival of prosperity , urbanization; however, domination of southeastern europe came end successful vlach-bulgarian rebellion in 1185, , henceforth region divided between byzantines in greece, parts of macedonia, , thrace, bulgarians in moesia , of thrace , macedonia, , serbs northwest. eastern , western churches had formally split in 11th century, , despite occasional periods of co-operation during 12th century, in 1204 fourth crusade treacherously captured constantinople. severely damaged byzantines, , power weakened seljuks , rising ottoman empire in 14-15th century. power of latin empire, however, short lived after crusader army routed bulgarian emperor kaloyan in battle of adrianople (1205).
climate , agriculture
the medieval warm period, period 10th century 14th century in europe, relatively warm , gentle interval ended colder little ice age. farmers grew wheat north scandinavia, , wine grapes in northern england, although maximum expansion of vineyards appears occur within little ice age period. during time, high demand wine , steady volume of alcohol consumption inspired viticulture revolution of progress. protection famine allowed europe s population increase, despite famine in 1315 killed 1.5 million people. increased population contributed founding of new towns , increase in industrial , economic activity during period. established trade , comprehensive production of alcohol. food production increased during time new ways of farming introduced, including use of heavier plow, horses instead of oxen, , three-field system allowed cultivation of greater variety of crops earlier two-field system—notably legumes, growth of prevented depletion of important nitrogen soil.
the rise of chivalry
household heavy cavalry (knights) became common in 11th century across europe, , tournaments invented. although heavy capital investment in horse , armor barrier entry, knighthood became known way serfs earn freedom. in 12th century, cluny monks promoted ethical warfare , inspired formation of orders of chivalry, such templar knights. inherited titles of nobility established during period. in 13th-century germany, knighthood became inheritable title, although 1 of less prestigious, , trend spread other countries.
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