the imperial crown of holy roman empire. otto iii crowned emperor in 994 pope gregory v.
after taking crown in 994, otto iii faced first slavic rebellion, put down, , attempt crescentius ii seize power in italy.
when otto iii turned attention italy, not intended crowned emperor come aid of pope john xv, had been forced flee rome. otto set out italy ratisbon in march 996. in verona, became patron of otto orseolo, son of venetian doge pietro ii orseolo. pledged support otto orseolo next doge of venice, leading period of relations between holy roman empire , republic of venice after years of conflict under otto ii.
reaching pavia easter, 996, otto iii declared king of italy , crowned iron crown of lombards. king failed, however, reach rome before pope john xv died of fever. while otto iii in pavia, crescentius ii, fearing king s march on rome, reconciled otto iii , agreed accept nominee pope.
while in ravenna, otto iii nominated cousin , court chaplain bruno, twenty-three years old, , sent him rome archbishop willgis secure city. in may 996, bruno consecrated gregory v, first pope of german nationality. despite submitting otto iii, crescentius shut himself in family s stronghold, tomb of hadrian, out of fear of retribution.
the new supreme pontiff crowned otto iii emperor on 21 may 996, in rome @ st. peter s basilica. emperor , pope held synod @ st. peter s on 25 may serve empire s highest judicial court. roman nobles had rebelled against pope john xv summoned before synod give account of actions. number of rebels, including crescentius ii, banished crimes. pope gregory v, however, wished inaugurate papal reign acts of mercy , pleaded clemency emperor, issued pardons convicted. in particular, while crescentius ii pardoned otto iii, deprived of title of patricius permitted live out life in retirement @ rome.
following synod, otto iii appointed gerbert of aurillac, archbishop of reims, tutor. counseled gerbert , bishop adalbert of prague, otto iii set out reorganize empire. influenced ruin of ancient rome , perhaps byzantine mother, otto iii dreamed of restoring glory , power of roman empire, himself @ head of theocratic state. introduced byzantine court customs.
through election of gregory v, otto iii exercised greater control on church grandfather otto had decades earlier. emperor demonstrated intention withdraw imperial support privileges of holy see laid out otto i. under diploma ottonianum issued otto i, emperor veto papal candidates. otto iii, however, had nominated , installed own candidate. emperor refused acknowledge donation of constantine, otto iii declared forgery. under decree supposedly issued roman emperor constantine great, pope granted secular authority on western europe. these actions resulted in increased tensions between roman nobility , church, had traditionally reserved right name pope among own members.
after coronation, otto iii returned germany in december 996, staying along lower rhine (especially in aachen) until april 997. specific activities during time not known. in summer 997, otto iii campaigned against elbe slavs in order secure saxony s eastern border.
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