1 energetics
1.1 ecological , biological energetics
1.2 maximum power theory , proposal additional laws of thermodynamics/energetics
1.3 energese: energy systems language
1.4 energy quality
1.5 emergy
energetics
ecological , biological energetics
around 1955 odum directed studies radioecology included effects of radiation on tropical rainforest @ el verde, puerto rico (odum , pidgeon), , coral reefs , ocean ecology @ eniwetok atoll. odum brothers approached atomic energy commission undertake detailed study of atoll after nuclear testing. apparently atoll sufficiently radioactive upon arrival odums able produce autoradiographic image of coral head placing on photographic paper. these studies applications of energy concepts ecological systems. exploring implications of laws of thermodynamics when used in these new settings.
from view, biogeochemical cycles driven radiant energy. odum expressed balance between energy input , output ratio of production (p) respiration (r): p-r. classified water bodies based on p-r ratios, separated autotrophic heterotrophic ecosystems: measurements of flowing water metabolism measurements of whole systems. odum measuring community system, not adding metabolism of components lindeman , many others had done . reasoning appears have followed of odum s doctoral supervisor, g.e.hutchinson expressed view if community organism must have form of metabolism. golley notes h.t.odum attempted go beyond reporting of mere ratios, move resulted in first serious disagreement in systems energetics.
maximum power theory , proposal additional laws of thermodynamics/energetics
in controversial move, odum, richard pinkerton (at time physicist @ university of florida), motivated alfred j. lotka s articles on energetics of evolution, , subsequently proposed theory natural systems tend operate @ efficiency produces maximum power output, not maximum efficiency. theory in turn motivated odum propose maximum power fundamental thermodynamic law. further odum mooted 2 more additional thermodynamic laws (see energetics), there far consensus in scientific community these proposals, , many scientists have never heard of h.t. odum or views.
energese: energy systems language
by end of 1960s odum s electronic circuit ecological simulation models replaced more general set of energy symbols. when combined form systems diagrams, these symbols considered odum , others language of macroscope portray generalized patterns of energy flow: describing such patterns , reducing ecosystem complexities flows of energy, odum believed, permit discovery of general ecosystem principles . have attempted link universal scientific language projects have appeared throughout history of natural philosophy
energy systems language of systems ecology developed howard odum , others, 1971.
kitching claimed language direct result of working analogue computers, , reflected electrical engineer s approach problem of system representation: because of electrical analogy, odum system relatively easy turn mathematical equations ... if 1 building model of energy flow odum system should given serious consideration...
due focus on systems thinking, odum s language appears similar in approach systems modeling language developed incose international systems engineering body.
energy quality
in taking energy-based view of hierarchical organization odum developed further systems ecology understanding of energy quality.
emergy
in 1990s in latter part of career h.t. odum david m. scienceman developed ideas of emergy, specific use of term embodied energy. consider concept of emergy , briefly defined energy memory , 1 of odum s more significant contributions. concept neither free controversy nor without critics. odum looked @ natural systems having been formed use of various forms of energy in past: emergy measure of energy used in past , different measure of energy now. unit of emergy (past available energy use) emjoule, distinguished joules used available energy remaining now. conceived principle of maximum empower might explain evolution of self-organising open systems. principle has been demonstrated in few experiments , not recognized in scientific community.
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