malcolm x embodied essential elements of cool .
cool , though amorphous quality—more mystique material—is pervasive element in urban black male culture. majors , billson address term cool pose in study , argue helps black men counter stress caused social oppression, rejection , racism. contend furnishes black male sense of control, strength, confidence , stability , helps him deal closed doors , negative messages of generalized other. believe attaining black manhood filled pitfalls of discrimination, negative self-image, guilt, shame , fear.
cool pose may factor in discrimination in education contributing achievement gaps in test scores. in 2004 study, researchers found teachers perceived students african-american culture-related movement styles, referred cool pose, lower in achievement, higher in aggression, , more need special education services students standard movement styles, irrespective of race or other academic indicators. issue of stereotyping , discrimination respect cool pose raises complex questions of assimilation , accommodation of different cultural values. jason w. osborne identifies cool pose 1 of factors in black underachievement. robin d. g. kelley criticizes calls assimilation , sublimation of black culture, including cool pose. argues media , academics have unfairly demonized these aspects of black culture while, @ same time, through sustained fascination blacks exotic others, appropriated aspects of cool pose broader popular culture.
george elliott clarke writes malcolm x, miles davis, embodies essential elements of cool. icon, malcolm x inspires complex mixture of both fear , fascination in broader american culture, cool pose itself.
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