1 reign emperor
1.1 roman instability
1.2 first expedition italy
1.3 second expedition italy
1.4 reign rome
reign emperor
roman instability
prior sudden death in december 983, otto ii had installed pietro canepanova pope. calling himself pope john xiv, canepanova non-roman lombardy had served otto ii s chancellor in italy. after otto ii s death, john xiv intervened in dispute between henry ii of bavaria , theophanu on regency, issuing edict ordering henry turn otto on mother.
during turmoil, roman aristocracy saw opportunity remove non-roman john xiv , install pope among themselves. antipope boniface vii, had spent 9 years in exile in byzantine empire, joined forces byzantine nobles in southern italy , marched on rome in april 984 in order claim papal throne himself. aid of sons of crescentius elder — crescentius ii , john crescentius — boniface vii able imprison john xiv in tomb of hadrian. 4 months later, on 20 august 984, john xiv died in prison, either starved or poisoned, on orders of boniface.
with otto s regency seated in germany, crescentius ii took title of patricius romanorum (patrician of romans) , became effective ruler of rome, although did not act entirely independently of central authority, presenting himself lieutenant of king. when boniface vii died in 985, pope john xv chosen succeed him. although details of election unknown, crescentius ii played key role in process. number of years, crescentius ii exercised authority on city, severely limiting autonomy of pope in process. when empress theophanu in rome between 989 , 991, crescentius ii nominally subordinated himself her, though maintained position ruler of city.
first expedition italy
the imperial crown of holy roman empire. otto iii crowned emperor in 994 pope gregory v.
after taking crown in 994, otto iii faced first slavic rebellion, put down, , attempt crescentius ii seize power in italy.
when otto iii turned attention italy, not intended crowned emperor come aid of pope john xv, had been forced flee rome. otto set out italy ratisbon in march 996. in verona, became patron of otto orseolo, son of venetian doge pietro ii orseolo. pledged support otto orseolo next doge of venice, leading period of relations between holy roman empire , republic of venice after years of conflict under otto ii.
reaching pavia easter, 996, otto iii declared king of italy , crowned iron crown of lombards. king failed, however, reach rome before pope john xv died of fever. while otto iii in pavia, crescentius ii, fearing king s march on rome, reconciled otto iii , agreed accept nominee pope.
while in ravenna, otto iii nominated cousin , court chaplain bruno, twenty-three years old, , sent him rome archbishop willgis secure city. in may 996, bruno consecrated gregory v, first pope of german nationality. despite submitting otto iii, crescentius shut himself in family s stronghold, tomb of hadrian, out of fear of retribution.
the new supreme pontiff crowned otto iii emperor on 21 may 996, in rome @ st. peter s basilica. emperor , pope held synod @ st. peter s on 25 may serve empire s highest judicial court. roman nobles had rebelled against pope john xv summoned before synod give account of actions. number of rebels, including crescentius ii, banished crimes. pope gregory v, however, wished inaugurate papal reign acts of mercy , pleaded clemency emperor, issued pardons convicted. in particular, while crescentius ii pardoned otto iii, deprived of title of patricius permitted live out life in retirement @ rome.
following synod, otto iii appointed gerbert of aurillac, archbishop of reims, tutor. counseled gerbert , bishop adalbert of prague, otto iii set out reorganize empire. influenced ruin of ancient rome , perhaps byzantine mother, otto iii dreamed of restoring glory , power of roman empire, himself @ head of theocratic state. introduced byzantine court customs.
through election of gregory v, otto iii exercised greater control on church grandfather otto had decades earlier. emperor demonstrated intention withdraw imperial support privileges of holy see laid out otto i. under diploma ottonianum issued otto i, emperor veto papal candidates. otto iii, however, had nominated , installed own candidate. emperor refused acknowledge donation of constantine, otto iii declared forgery. under decree supposedly issued roman emperor constantine great, pope granted secular authority on western europe. these actions resulted in increased tensions between roman nobility , church, had traditionally reserved right name pope among own members.
after coronation, otto iii returned germany in december 996, staying along lower rhine (especially in aachen) until april 997. specific activities during time not known. in summer 997, otto iii campaigned against elbe slavs in order secure saxony s eastern border.
second expedition italy
the tomb of hadrian, stronghold of crescentii family, besieged otto iii in 998. otto iii s soldiers breached stronghold , executed rebellious crescentius ii.
when otto iii left italy germany, situation in rome remained uncertain. in september 996, few months after receiving pardon otto iii, crescentius ii met archbishop of piacenza, john philagathos, former adviser late empress theophanu, devise plan depose newly installed pope gregory v. in 997, active support of byzantine emperor basil ii, crescentius ii led revolt against gregory v, deposed him, , installed john philagathos pope john xvi, antipope, in april 997. gregory fled pavia in northern italy, held synod, , excommunicated john.
putting down slavic forces in eastern saxony, otto iii began second expedition italy in december 997. accompanied sister sophia italy, otto iii named aunt matilda, abbess of quedlinburg, regent in germany, becoming first non-duke or bishop serve in capacity. otto iii peacefully retook rome in february 998 when roman aristocracy agreed peace settlement. otto iii in control of city, gregory v reinstated pope. john xvi fled, emperor s troops pursued , captured him, cut off nose , ears, cut out tongue, broke fingers, blinded him, , brought him before otto iii , gregory v judgement. @ intercession of saint nilus younger, 1 of countrymen, otto iii spared john xvi s life , sent him monastery in germany, die in 1001.
crescentius ii retreated again tomb of hadrian, traditional stronghold of crescentii, , besieged otto iii s imperial army. towards end of april, stronghold breached, , crescentius ii taken prisoner , executed decapitation. body put on public display @ monte mario.
reign rome
otto iii made rome administrative capital of empire , revived elaborate roman customs , byzantine court ceremonies. during time in italy, emperor , pope attempted reform church, , confiscated church property returned respective religious institutions. additionally, after death of bishop of halberstadt in november 996, had been 1 of masterminds behind abolition of bishopric of merseburg, otto iii , pope gregory v began process of reviving diocese. otto had established diocese in 968 following victory on hungarians in order christianize polabian slavs had been destroyed in 983 great slav rising following death of otto ii in 983.
otto iii arranged imperial palace built on palatine hill , planned restore ancient roman senate position of prominence. revived city s ancient governmental system, including appointing city patrician, city prefect, , body of judges whom commanded recognize roman law. in order strengthen title roman empire , announce position protector of christendom, otto iii took himself titles servant of jesus christ, servant of apostles , consul of senate , people of rome, , emperor of world .
between 998 , 1000, otto iii made several pilgrimages. in 999, made pilgrimage gargano benevento, met hermit monk romuald , abbot nilus younger (at time highly venerated religious figure) in order atone executing crescentius ii after promising safety. during particular pilgrimage, cousin pope gregory v died in rome after brief illness. upon learning of gregory v s death, otto iii installed long-time tutor gerbert of aurillac pope sylvester ii. use of papal name not without cause: recalled first pope of name, had allegedly created christian empire emperor constantine great. part of otto iii s campaign further link himself both roman empire , church.
like grandfather before him, otto iii aspired successor of charlemagne. in 1000, visited charlemagne s tomb in aachen, removing relics , transporting them rome. otto iii carried parts of body of bishop adalbert of prague, placed in church of san bartolomeo isola had built on tiber island in rome. otto iii added skin of saint bartholomew relics housed there.
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